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Degenerative Cervical Spondylosis: Clinical Syndromes, Pathogenesis, and Management
Raj D. Rao, MD1; Bradford L. Currier, MD2; Todd J. Albert, MD3; Christopher M. Bono, MD4; Satyajit V. Marawar, MD1; Kornelis A. Poelstra, MD, PhD5; Jason C. Eck, DO, MS6
1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226
2 Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905
3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 925 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107
4 Department of Orthopaedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
5 University of Maryland-Shock Trauma, 22 South Green Street, Suite 11B, Baltimore, MD 21201
6 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Memorial Hospital, 325 Belmont Street, P.O. Box 15118, York, PA 17405
The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery.  2007; 89:1360-1378 
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Extract

Spondylosis refers to age-related degenerative changes within the spinal column. Radiographic evidence of cervical spondylosis is frequent in asymptomatic adults1,2. Approximately 25% of individuals younger than forty years of age, 50% of individuals over forty years of age, and 85% of individuals over sixty years of age have some degree of disc degeneration2,3. Occupations that place increased loads on the head predispose individuals to the development of cervical spondylosis. Activities such as rugby, soccer, and horseback riding and occupations such as flying fighter jets may also predispose individuals to the development of cervical spondylosis4-8.
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    These activities have been planned and implemented in accordance with the Essential Areas and policies of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) through the joint sponsorship of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons is accredited by the ACCME to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
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