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Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment   |    
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Differences of the Hand and Upper Limb
Donald S. Bae, MD1; Carol E. Barnewolt, MD2; Russell W. Jennings, MD3
1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Hunnewell 2, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail address: donald.bae@childrens.harvard.edu
2 Section of Fetal Imaging, Division of Pediatric Ultrasound, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
3 Advanced Fetal Care Center, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery.  2009; 91:31-39  doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00072
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Extract

Prenatal detection of congenital abnormalities is increasing, along with the evolving technology and widespread use of ultrasonography in prenatal screening. Musculoskeletal anomalies are noted during prenatal ultrasonography in approximately six of every 1000 pregnancies (0.6%), although approximately 1% to 2% of all newborns have some type of congenital difference and the musculoskeletal system is affected in 10% to 20% of these infants (0.1% to 0.4% of newborns)1,2. The prevalence of skeletal dysplasia is 2.4 per 10,000 live births (0.02%), and the prevalence of limb deficiency is 0.49 per 10,000 births (<0.01%)1,3-5.
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    These activities have been planned and implemented in accordance with the Essential Areas and policies of the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) through the joint sponsorship of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons is accredited by the ACCME to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
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    Lukas A. Lisowski
    Posted on September 15, 2009
    Prenatal Diagnosis of Undefined Soft Tissue Tumors
    The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Scotland

    To the Editor:

    In the article by Bae et al. (1), a nice overview is given on the prenatal diagnosis of structural hand and upper limb malformations. Recommendations on prenatal counseling of parents having a child with such a deformation will become increasingly important as more deformities are expected to be diagnosed prenatally by improved diagnostic techniques. My only concern is how parents should be counseled on prenatally detected undefined soft tissue tumors. This topic is not addressed in Bae's paper. As the diagnosis is mostly based on clinical findings, radiography, and fine needle biopsy or tissue sampling, its ideal management is controversial and difficult. How should future recommendations be defined?

    The author did not receive any outside funding or grants in support of his research for or preparation of this work. Neither he nor a member of his immediate family received payments or other benefits or a commitment or agreement to provide such benefits from a commercial entity. No commercial entity paid or directed, or agreed to pay or direct, any benefits to any research fund, foundation, division, center, clinical practice, or other charitable or nonprofit organization with which the author, or a member of his immediate family, is affiliated or associated.

    References

    1. Bae DS, Barnewolt CE, Jennings RW. Prenatal diagnosis and treatment of congenital differences of the hand and upper limb. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91 Suppl 4:31-9.

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